Dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária em gestação gemelar no terceiro trimestre: relato de caso / Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a twin pregnancy in the third trimester: a case report

O infarto agudo do miocárdio no período gravídico-puerperal é uma condição rara em que a principal causa é a dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária. É um evento comumente subdiagnosticado, com pouca literatura disponível e elevado índice de morbimortalidade. Esse relato descreve o caso de uma gestante de 36 semanas de gravidez gemelar, monocoriônica-diamniótica, com infarto agudo do miocárdio secundário à dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária. As equipes de cirurgia cardíaca e obstetrícia optaram pela realização de parto cesariano e histerectomia subtotal, seguido da revascularização da artéria mamária descendente anterior. Discutem-se as orientações adotadas na dissecção espontânea da artéria coronária, bem como a abordagem terapêutica e a conduta obstétrica, quando essa condição ocorre durante a gravidez.(AU)

Acute myocardial infarction in the pregnancy-puerperal period is a rare condition the main cause of which is the spontaneous coronary artery dissection. A commonly underdiagnosed event with little available literature and a high rate of morbidity and mortality. This case reports a 36-week pregnant woman of mono-chorionic-diamniotic pregnancy who had a myocardial infarction secondary to a spontaneous coronary artery dissection. In a joint discussion between the team of cardiac surgery and obstetrics, it was decided to perform a cesarean delivery and subtotal hysterectomy followed by revascularization of the mammary anterior descendant. It discusses the conducts to be adopted in a case of spontaneous coronary artery dissection as well as therapeutic approaches and obstetric conducts to be taken in a case of dissection during pregnancy.(AU)

Risk factors for potential drug-drug interactions of statins in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Abstract The aim of our study was to assess risk factors for potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) of statins across different phases of treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients: from the point of first medical contact to the coronary angiography (first phase), after coronary angiography to the last day of hospitalization (second phase) and at discharge from hospital (third phase). This was a post hoc analysis of the data collected during the retrospective observational cohort study conducted at the Clinic for Cardiology of the Clinical Centre Kragujevac, Serbia. Patients prescribed statins were identified from the original study population: 156, 240 and 236 patients for the first, second and third phases, respectively. At least one statin pDDI was present in 113 (72.4%), 161 (67.1%) and 139 (58.9%) patients in the first, second and third phases, respectively. Heart failure, arrhythmias after ACS, CRP, triglycerides, length of hospitalization, number of prescribed drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, and clopidogrel seem to increase the risk of statin pDDIs in at least one treatment phase. Physicians should be vigilant to the possibility of statin pDDIs in ACS patients who have factors that may increase their rate.

Síndrome coronario agudo y densidad mineral ósea en mujeres en etapa de climaterio / Acute Coronary Syndrome and Bone Mineral Density in Women during their Climacteric Stage

Introducción: Se ha descrito una probable asociación entre la presencia de osteopenia/osteoporosis y el riesgo incrementado de cardiopatía isquémica. Objetivo: Determinar la posible asociación entre la presencia de síndrome coronario agudo y la densidad mineral ósea disminuida, así como la relación de ambas condiciones con algunos factores de riesgo cardiovascular y variables de la esfera reproductiva en mujeres en etapa de climaterio. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo con 72 mujeres (34 con síndrome coronario agudo y 38 sin síndrome coronario agudo), que fueron seleccionadas de bases de datos del Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular. La densidad mineral ósea se determinó mediante absorciometría dual de rayos X en columna lumbar. Las pruebas Chi cuadrado y U de Mann Whitney permitieron evaluar la posible relación entre variables. Resultados: El 55,9 por ciento de las pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo y el 60,5 por ciento de las mujeres sin síndrome coronario agudo tenían densidad mineral ósea disminuida. En las mujeres con densidad mineral ósea disminuida (n=42): 81 por ciento presentaron obesidad abdominal, 78,6 por ciento dislipoproteinemia, 83,3 por ciento hipertensión arterial y 76,2 por ciento refirieron el antecedente familiar de cardiopatía isquémica. Conclusiones: En las mujeres en etapa de climaterio estudiadas no se demostró asociación entre la presencia de síndrome coronario agudo y la densidad mineral ósea disminuida. Tampoco existió relación entre la presencia de síndrome coronario agudo y la densidad mineral ósea disminuida con factores de riesgo cardiovascular, ni con las variables de la esfera reproductiva(AU)

Introduction: A probable association has been described between the presence of osteopenia/osteoporosis and the increased risk of ischemic heart disease. Objective: To determine the possible association between the presence of acute coronary syndrome and decreased bone mineral density, as well as the relationship of both conditions with some cardiovascular risk factors and variables of the reproductive sphere in women during the climacteric stage. Method: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out with 72 women (34 with acute coronary syndrome and 38 without acute coronary syndrome), who were selected from databases of the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. Bone mineral density was determined by dual lumbar spine X-ray absorptiometry. The chi-square and Mann Whitney U tests allowed to evaluate the possible relationship between variables. Results: 55.9 percent of the patients with acute coronary syndrome and 60.5 percent of the women without acute coronary syndrome had decreased bone mineral density. Among women with decreased bone mineral density (n=42), 81 percent had abdominal obesity, 78.6 percent had dyslipoproteinemia, 83.3 percent had arterial hypertension, and 76.2 percent had a family history of ischemic heart disease. Conclusions: In the women in the climacteric stage studied, no association was shown between the presence of acute coronary syndrome and decreased bone mineral density. There was no relationship either between the presence of acute coronary syndrome and decreased bone mineral density with cardiovascular risk factors, or with variables in the reproductive sphere(AU)

Clinical Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of FFR Compared with Angiography in Multivessel Disease Patient / Impacto Clínico e Custo-Efetividade da FFR em Comparação à Angiografia em Pacientes com Doenças Multiarteriais Submetidos à ICP

Abstract Background: In multivessel disease patients with moderate stenosis, fractional flow reserve (FFR) allows the analysis of the lesions and guides treatment, and could contribute to the cost-effectiveness (CE) of non-pharmacological stents (NPS). Objectives: To evaluate CE and clinical impact of FFR-guided versus angiography-guided angioplasty (ANGIO) in multivessel patients using NPS. Methods: Multivessel disease patients were prospectively randomized to FFR or ANGIO groups during a 5 year-period and followed for < 12 months. Outcomes measures were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), restenosis and CE. Results: We studied 69 patients, 47 (68.1%) men, aged 62.0 ± 9.0 years, 34 (49.2%) in FFR group and 53 (50.7%) in ANGIO group, with stable angina or acute coronary syndrome. In FFR, there were 26 patients with biarterial disease (76.5%) and 8 (23.5%) with triarterial disease, and in ANGIO, 24 (68.6%) with biarterial and 11 (31.4%) with triarterial disease. Twelve MACEs were observed - 3 deaths: 2 (5.8%) in FFR and 1 (2.8%) in ANGIO, 9 (13.0%) angina: 4(11.7%) in FFR and 5(14.2%) in ANGIO, 6 restenosis: 2(5.8%) in FFR and 4 (11.4%) in ANGIO. Angiography detected 87(53.0%) lesions in FFR, 39(23.7%) with PCI and 48(29.3%) with medical treatment; and 77 (47.0%) lesions in ANGIO, all treated with angioplasty. Thirty-nine (33.3%) stents were registered in FFR (0.45 ± 0.50 stents/lesion) and 78 (1.05 ± 0.22 stents/lesion) in ANGIO (p = 0.0001), 51.4% greater in ANGIO than FFR. CE analysis revealed a cost of BRL 5,045.97 BRL 5,430.60 in ANGIO and FFR, respectively. The difference of effectiveness was of 1.82%. Conclusion: FFR reduced the number of lesions treated and stents, and the need for target-lesion revascularization, with a CE comparable with that of angiography.

Resumo Fundamentos: Em pacientes multiarteriais e lesões moderadas, a reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR) avalia cada lesão e direciona o tratamento, podendo ser útil no custo-efetividade (CE) de implante de stents não farmacológicos (SNF). Objetivos: Avaliar CE e impacto clínico da angioplastia + FFR versus angioplastia + angiografia (ANGIO), em multiarteriais, utilizando SNF. Métodos: pacientes com doença multiarteriais foram randomizados prospectivamente durante ±5 anos para FFR ou ANGIO, e acompanhados por até 12 meses. Foram avaliados eventos cardíacos maiores (ECAM), reestenose e CE. Resultados: foram incluídos 69 pacientes, 47(68,1%) homens, 34(49,2%) no FFR e 35(50,7%) no ANGIO, idade 62,0 ± 9,0 anos, com angina estável e Síndrome Coronariana Aguda estabilizada. No FFR, havia 26 com doença (76,5%) biarterial e 8 (23,5%) triarterial, e no grupo ANGIO, 24(68,6%) biarteriais e 11(31,4%) triarteriais. Ocorreram 12(17,3%) ECAM - 3(4,3%) óbitos: 2(5,8%) no FFR e 1(2,8%) no ANGIO, 9(13,0%) anginas, 4(11,7%) no FFR e 5(14,2%) no ANGIO, 6 reestenoses: 2(5,8%) no FFR e 4 (11,4%) no ANGIO. Angiografia detectou 87(53,0%) lesões no FFR, 39(23,7%) com ICP e 48(29,3%) com tratamento clínico; e 77(47,0%) lesões no ANGIO, todas submetidas à angioplastia. Quanto aos stents, registrou-se 39(33,3%) (0,45 ± 0,50 stents/lesão) no FFR e 78(66,6%) (1,05 ± 0,22 stents/lesão) no ANGIO (p = 0,0001); ANGIO utilizou 51,4% a mais que o FFR. Análise de CE revelou um custo de R$5045,97 e R$5.430,60 nos grupos ANGIO e FFR, respectivamente. A diferença de efetividade foi 1,82%. Conclusões: FFR diminuiu o número de lesões tratadas e de stents e necessidade de revascularização do vaso-alvo, com CE comparável ao da angiografia.

Occult metastatic melanoma presenting as an acute coronary syndrome

Abstract Melanoma is a tumor that virtually involves any tissue and commonly metastasizes to the heart. It is usually not diagnosed because of the absent/nonspecific cardiac signs and symptoms. Herein, we present a case of a 41-year-old man without any cardiovascular risk factor, admitted to the emergency room with chest pain, diagnosed with a myocardial infarction. Due to the presence of a mass adjacent to the mitral valve on the cardiac ultrasound examination, causing mitral regurgitation, the patient was referred to surgery. Pathological analysis of the excised specimens diagnosed the melanoma. The chemotherapy was started and achieved a partial response. Cardiac metastases usually affect the myocardium, leaving the valves unaffected. In this case, the acute coronary syndrome was the first manifestation of the malignant melanoma. We highlight the high level of suspicion needed in these cases.

Correlação da composição de placas à histologia virtual com proteína C-reativa / Correlation between plaque composition as assessed by virtual histology and C-reactive protein

FUNDAMENTOS: Estudos prévios demonstram que o principal determinante de vulnerabilidade da placa aterosclerótica é a sua composição. Recentemente, diversos métodos de imagens e marcadores laboratoriais têm sido investigados visando identificar lesões vulneráveis. O ultrassom com Histologia Virtual® (HV) permite a diferenciação e quantificação dos componentes da placa. Por sua vez, a proteína C-reativa (PCR) é apontada como importante preditor de eventos adversos. A correlação entre este marcador e as características da placa não é bem estabelecida. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a constituição da lesão culpada em pacientes com síndrome coronária aguda (SCA) - conforme caracterizada pela HV - e investigar a relação dos componentes da placa com o marcador inflamatório PCR. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e dois pacientes com SCA e com indicação de intervenção coronária percutânea foram submetidos a dosagens de PCR de alta sensibilidade antes e 24 horas após a ICP. Análise por ultrassom HV da lesão-alvo foi realizada antes da ICP. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 55,3 ± 4,9 anos, sendo 76,9% homens, 67,3% hipertensos e 30,8% diabéticos. A área luminal mínima foi de 3,9 ± 1,3 mm², e a carga de placa de 69 ± 11,3%. Os componentes da placa foram assim identificados: fibrótico (59,6 ± 15,8%), fibrolipídico (7,6 ± 8,2%), cálcio (12,1 ± 9,2%), necrótico (20,7 ± 12,7%). Não observamos correlação entre os níveis basais de PCR ou a variação dentre os valores pré e pós-ICP com os componentes da placa. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, a composição das placas pela HV foi predominantemente fibrótica, com alto conteúdo necrótico. Não foi encontrada correlação entre a PCR e os componentes da lesão culpada em pacientes com SCA.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that coronary plaque composition plays a pivotal role in plaque instability, and imaging modalities and serum biomarkers have been investigated to identify vulnerable plaque. Virtual histology IVUS (VH-IVUS) characterizes plaque components as calcified, fibrotic, fibrofatty, or necrotic core. C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is an independent risk factor and a powerful predictor of future coronary events. However, a relationship between inflammatory response indicated by CRP and plaque characteristics in ACS patients remains not well established. OBJECTIVE: To determine, by using VH-IVUS, the relation between coronary plaque components and plasma high-sensitivity CRP levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). METHODS: 52 patients with ACS were enrolled in this prospective study. Electrocardiographically-gated VH-IVUS were performed in the culprit lesion before PCI. Blood sample was drawn from all patients before the procedure and after 24 hours, and hs-CRP levels were determined. RESULTS: Mean age was 55.3±4.9 years, 76.9% were men and 30.9% had diabetes. Mean MLA was 3.9±1.3 mm², and plaque burden was 69±11.3%, as assessed by IVUS. VH-IVUS analysis at the minimum luminal site identified plaque components: fibrotic (59.6±15.8%), fibrofatty (7.6±8.2%), dense calcium (12.1±9.2%) and necrotic core (20.7±12.7%). Plasma hs-CRP (mean 16.02±18.07 mg/L) did not correlate with necrotic core (r=-0.089, p = 0.53) and other plaque components. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective study with patients with ACS, the predominant components of the culprit plaque were fibrotic and necrotic core. Serum hs C-reactive protein levels did not correlate with plaque composition.

Gravidade da lesão angiográfica coronariana e polimorfismo da APOE nas síndromes coronarianas agudas / Severidad de la lesión angiográfica coronaria y polimorfismo de la APOE en los síndromes coronarios agudos / Severity of angiographic coronary obstruction and the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in acute coronary syndromes

FUNDAMENTO: Existem evidências de associação entre o polimorfismo da apolipoproteína E (APOE) e a doença coronariana, entretanto há controvérsias. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre o número de vasos coronarianos acometidos por obstrução significativa definida por angiografia, o polimorfismo da APOE e as variáveis clínicas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal multicêntrico que envolveu 207 pacientes (138 homens) com síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) em Niterói (RJ - Brasil), os quais realizaram angiografia coronariana e determinação do genótipo para o polimorfismo APOE *2*3*4, pelo método de Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTADOS: A frequência dos alelos APOE *2 foi de 6,8 por cento, *3 foi de 82,5 por cento, e *4 foi de 10,7 por cento. Quanto ao número de vasos lesados, 27 por cento dos pacientes apresentavam obstrução uniarterial, 33,8 por cento, biarterial, e 39,1 por cento, triarterial ou de tronco da coronária esquerda. O grau de lesão multivascular não se relacionou com a presença do alelo *4 (p = 0,78), mas com a idade > 55 anos (p = 0,025), o ex-tabagismo (p = 0,004) e a dislipidemia (p = 0,05) na análise multivariada e com doença arterial coronariana prévia (p = 0,05), diabete (p = 0,038) e síndrome metabólica (p = 0,021) na análise univariada. A prevalência de dislipidemia, diabete e hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) foi elevada em relação a estudos semelhantes, com aumento progressivo da prevalência de HAS (p = 0,59) e de diabete (p = 0,06), de acordo com o número de vasos lesados. CONCLUSÃO: O polimorfismo da APOE não se associou ao número de vasos coronarianos com obstrução significativa em qualquer faixa etária. Por outro lado, a idade > 55 anos, o ex-tabagismo e a dislipidemia associaram-se à lesão multivascular.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence of the association between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) and coronary disease; however, there are controversies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the number of coronary vessels with significant obstruction defined by angiography, the APOE polymorphism and clinical variables. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study with 207 patients (138 men), with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), in the city of Niteroi, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who underwent coronary angiography and genotype determination for the APOE *2*3*4 polymorphism by the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method. RESULTS: The frequency of the alleles was APOE *2 - 6.8 percent, *3 - 82.5 percent, *4 - 10.7 percent. Regarding the number of affected vessels, 27 percent of patients presented monoarterial obstruction, 33.8 percent biarterial and 39.1 percent triarterial and/or left coronary trunk. The degree of multivascular lesion did not correlate with the presence of the *4 allele (p= 0.78), but with age > 55 years (p=0.025), being an ex-smoker (p=0.004) and dyslipidemia (p=0.05) at the multivariate analysis and also with previous coronary artery disease (CAD) (p=0.05), diabetes (p=0.038) and metabolic syndrome (p=0.021) at the univariate analysis. The prevalence of dyslipidemia, diabetes and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) was elevated regarding similar studies, with progressive increases in the prevalence of SAH (p=0.59) and diabetes (p=0.06), according to the number of affected vessels. CONCLUSION: The APOE polymorphism was not associated with the number of coronary vessels with significant obstruction at any age range. On the other hand, age > 55 years, being an ex-smoker and dyslipidemia associated with the multivascular lesion.

FUNDAMENTO: Hay evidencias de asociación entre el polimorfismo de la apolipoproteína E (APOE) y la enfermedad coronaria, sin embargo hay controversias. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre el número de vasos coronarios afectados por obstrucción significativa definida por angiografía, el polimorfismo de la APOE y las variables clínicas. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal multicéntrico que implicó a 207 pacientes (138 varones) con síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) en la ciudad de Niterói (RJ - Brasil), los que realizaron angiografía coronaria, y determinación del genotipo para el polimorfismo APOE *2*3*4 mediante el método de Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de los alelos APOE *2 fue del 6,8 por ciento, *3 fue del 82,5 por ciento, y *4 fue del 10,7 por ciento. En cuanto al número de vasos lesionados, el 27 por ciento de los pacientes presentaban obstrucción uniarterial, el 33,8 por ciento, biarterial, y el 39,1 por ciento, triarterial o de tronco de la coronaria izquierda. El grado de lesión multivascular no se relacionó con la presencia del alelo *4 (p = 0,78), sino con la edad > 55 años (p = 0,025), el ex tabaquismo (p = 0,004) y la dislipidemia (p = 0,05) en el análisis multivariado y con la enfermedad arterial coronaria previa (p = 0,05), la diabetes (p = 0,038) y el síndrome metabólico (p = 0,021) en el análisis univariado. La prevalencia de dislipidemia, diabetes e hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) fue elevada con relación a estudios semejantes, con aumento progresivo de la prevalencia de HAS (p = 0,59) y de diabetes (p = 0,06), según el número de vasos lesionados. CONCLUSIÓN: El polimorfismo de la APOE no se asoció al número de vasos coronarios con obstrucción significativa en cualquier grupo de edad. Por otro lado, la edad > 55 años, el ex tabaquismo y la dislipidemia se asociaron a la lesión multivascular.

Perfil do atendimento ao paciente internado com síndrome isquêmica aguda sem supradesnível do segmento ST no Hospital Geral Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão – SC, 2006-2007 / Clinical Profile of Patients Interned with Acute Coronary syndrome Without ST Segment Elevation in a Hospital in South Brazil – 2006-2007

Objetivo: Descrever as características pessoais, clínicas, de tratamento, evolução para óbito e correlacionar escore TIMI ao número de internaçõesem UTI e transferência para cineangicoronariografia. Métodos: estudo prospectivo transversal empacientes internados no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição em Tubarão-SC, nos períodos de novembro de 2006 a abril de 2007. Resultados: A média foi de idade de 62 anos, com predominância do sexo masculino (61,9%). Da amostrade 42 pacientes, 54,8% apresentou angina instável e 45,2%; infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supra de ST. Osfatores de risco prevalentes foram em ordem decrescente de freqüência: hipertensão arterial (78,6%),hereditariedade (57,1%), tabagismo (52,4%), dislipidemia (50%) e diabetes (38,1%). A angina prévia estava presente em 42,8% dos pacientes, o IAM em 33,3% e arevascularização miocárdica prévia em 7,1%. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou o ECG normal (35,7%) e umescore TIMI de alto, moderado e baixo risco respectivamente em 4,7%, 57,1% e 38%. Os medicamentos usados na emergência em ordem decrescente de freqüência foram: Nitrato (89,7%), AAS(87,2%), oxigênio (48,7%) e morfina (37,8%). E durante a internação os resultados foram: AAS (97,6%),clopidogrel (92,8%), nitrato (87,8%), HBPM (85,7%), IECA (78,5%), betabloqueador (54,7%), estatina (52,8%), bloqueador de cálcio (11,9%) e HNF (9,5%). O escore de TIMI foi referido no prontuário de 1 paciente apenas. Conclusão: O escore TIMI foi pouco registrado nos prontuários. A taxa de mortalidade foi inferior àapresentada pela literatura. Os IECA, estatina, o clopidogrel, a heparina e o AAS durante a internação foram bem utilizados enquanto que o AAS na admissão, o betabloqueador e a estatina podem estar sendo subutilizados. Os pacientes de alto risco pelo escoreTIMI receberam atendimento intensivo na UTI mesmo não havendo significância estatística.

Objective: to describe the personal characteristic, clinical treatment, grown to death and correlate TIMI score to ICU internment or transference to the cardiaccatheterization. Methods: Was made transversal study in intern patients of the Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital, between November 2006 to April 2007. Results: The mean rate of age was 62 years old, with predominance of male (61,9%). From the sample 42 patients, 54,8% showed UA and 45,2% NSTEMI. The prevalence of risk factor in decrease attendance order were: arterial hypertension (78,6%), heredity (57,1%), abusive smoking ou tabagysm (52,4%),hyperlipidemia (50%), diabetes (38,1%) The previous angine was present in 42,8% of the patients, the IAM in 33,3% and the previous miocardic revascularization in 7,1%. High, moderate and low TIMI score, respectively in 4,7%, 57,1% and 38%. The medicaments used in emergence in decrease attendance order were: Nitrate(89,7%), SAA (87,2%), Oxygen (48,7%), and Morphine (37,8%), During the internment the results were: SAA (97,6%), clopidogrel (92,8%), nitrate (87,8%), LMWH (85,7%), ACEI (78,5%), â blocker (54,7%), statin(52,8%), calcium blocker (11,9%) and HNF (9,5%). Only one patient had reference to TIMI. Conclusion: The TIMI score was little register in the medical record. The mortality rate was lower than showed in the literature. The use of de ACEI, statin, o clopidogrel, heparin and the SAA during the internmentwere used, however SAA in entrance/admission, the â blocker and a statin can be poor available. The patientswith high risk by means of TIMI score received intensive attendance in the UTI service in spite of no statistic significance.

Aneurisma do Seio de Valsalva direito causando compressão coronariana extrínseca / Aneurisma del Seno de Valsalva derecho causando compresión coronaria extrínseca / Right Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm causing extrinsic coronary compression

O Aneurisma do Seio de Valsalva (ASV) é um distúrbio cardíaco raro. É mais frequentemente um defeito congênito, mas pode ser adquirido. A doença de Takayasu é uma causa extremamente rara desse distúrbio. A maioria dos casos de ASV não-roto é assintomática. A compressão da artéria coronária esquerda é uma manifestação não usual da doença, que pode causar angina, infarto do miocárdio ou morte. Esse relato de caso descreve um paciente negro de 19 anos, do sexo masculino, apresentando um ASV direito não-roto causado por doença de Takayasu, manifestado através de síndrome coronariana aguda, tratada cirurgicamente com sucesso.

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm is a rare cardiac disorder. It is more frequently a congenital, but it may also be an acquired condition. Takayasu's disease is an extremely rare cause of this disorder. Most cases of unruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are asymptomatic. Compression of the left coronary artery is an unusual manifestation of the disease that can cause angina, myocardial infarction or death. This report describes a 19-year-old black male with an unruptured right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm caused by Takayasu's disease and manifested by an acute coronary syndrome, successfully treated by surgery.

Aneurisma del Seno de Valsalva (ASV) es un disturbio cardíaco raro. Con mayor frecuencia se trata de un defecto congénito, pero puede ser adquirido. La enfermedad de Takayasu es una causa extremadamente rara de este disturbio. La mayoría de los casos de ASV no roto es asintomática. La compresión de la arteria coronaria izquierda es una manifestación no usual de la enfermedad, que puede causar angina, infarto de miocardio o muerte. Este informe de caso describe un paciente negro, de 19 años, del sexo masculino, presentando un ASV derecho no roto causado por enfermedad de Takayasu, manifestado a través de síndrome coronario agudo, tratado quirúrgicamente con éxito.

Enfermedad de Tako-Tsubo / The Tako-Tsubo disease

La enfermedad de “Tako-Tsubo”, conocida también como miocardiopatía de Tako-Tsubo o miocardiopatía por estrés, está caracterizada por dolor torácico, anormalidades del segmento ST-onda T en el ecosonograma, niveles séricos elevados de enzimas cardíacas y alteraciones en la motilidad del VI consistentes en acinesia apical extensa de carácter reversible. Describir las características clínicas y la experiencia del Centro Cardiovascular La Floresta en pacientes con miocardiopatía de Tako-Tsubo. Se realizó el diagnóstico de miocardiopatía de Tako-Tsubo en función de los criterios mayores y menores a pacientes ingresados a la sala de emergencia en el contexto de síndrome coronario agudo, sometidos a evaluación angiográfica, ecocardiográfica y egresados con seguimiento clínico y ecocardiográfico entre enero de 2006 a enero de 2008. De 288 pacientes 14 (5 %) cumplieron con criterios diagnósticos para miocardiopatía de Tako-Tsubo, todos refirieron estrés psicológico como desencadenante, cinco de estos 14 pacientes (36%), padecían de neoplasias malignas bajo tratamiento con quimioterapia, con edades promedio de 62 ± 12 años, de los cuales 9 (64%) fueron mujeres, todos con elevación de marcadores enzimáticos. Al ecosonograma presentaron alteraciones. En el ecocardiograma los pacientes tuvieron evidencia de acinesia apical y la fracción de eyección que estuvo por encima del límite inferior. Todos fueron sometidosa angiografía coronaria convencional y ventriculografía. La miocardiopatía de Tako-Tsubo es una entidad bien definida que imita a un síndrome coronario agudo. La estrategia diagnóstica está basada en la angiografía coronaria precoz sin omitir la ventriculografía. Especial interés debe ser puesto en pacientes con enfermedades neoplásicas que reciban quimioterapia.

Tako-Tsubo” disease, also known as apical ballooning of the left ventricle or stress cardiomyopathy, is characterized by resting chest pain, ST-T changes on the ECG, elevated cardiac biomarkers and reversible extensive apical akinesis which mimics, at end systole, a japanese jar used to trap octopodes called “Tako-Tsubo”. To describe our experience at the “Instituto Médico La Floresta” in patients with Tako-Tsubo disease. The diagnosis of Tako-Tsubo disease was made based on major and minor criteria to patients admitted to the emergency department with the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, between january 2006 and january 2008. All patients underwent cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography, left ventriculography and transthoracic echocardiography and were followed-up clinically and with echocardiography for 6 months. Of 288 patients, 14 (5%) met the criteria for Tako-Tsubo disease, all had emotional stress as a trigger, 5 of these 14 pts (36%) had malignancies on chemotherapy. The age range was 62±12 years, 9 patients (64%) were women, all with elevated CK and CK-MB and 7 (50%) had also increased troponin levels. On the ECG 11 patients (79%) had inverted T waves and 3 (21%) showed ST segment elevation. One patient (7%) developed non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. On the echocardiogram and left ventriculography all showed the typical pattern of Tako-Tsubo disease at end systole and none had neither evidence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction nor coronary artery disease. Tako-Tsubo disease is a distinct entity which mimics an ACS. The suggested approach is an early diagnostic coronary angiography with left ventriculography. Patients with malignancies on chemotherapy deserve special attention.

Impact of Renal Dysfunction on Clinical Outcomes of Acute Coronary Syndrome

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes and to investigate prognostic factors of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients with renal dysfunction (RD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a retrospective cohort of 648 adult patients admitted with ACS between October 2005 and December 2006. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was classified into 4 levels: 1) normal, GFR greater than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2; 2) mild RD, GFR of 60 to 90 mL/min/1.73 m2; 3) moderate RD, GFR of 30 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; and 4) severe RD, GFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Primary end points were death and complication in hospital courses. Secondary end points were major adverse cardiac event (MACE) during follow-up. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 505 +/- 183 days, the mean age was 63 +/- 12 years, and 71.8 percent of the group were men. A graded association was observed between severity of RD and clinical outcomes. Severe RD independently predicted MACE [hazard ratio, 2.731; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.058 to 7.047, p = 0.038]. Low hemoglobin level was also an independent risk factor for MACE (hazard ratio, 1.155; 95% CI, 1.020 to 1.307, p = 0.022). Use of lipid-lowering therapy (hazard ratio, 0.456; 95% CI, 0.242 to 0.857, p = 0.015) was associated with reduced risk for MACE. CONCLUSION: Severe RD and low hemoglobin level were an independent risk factors for the mortality and complications of ACS, while lipid-lowering therapy was associated with reduced risk.

Resultado de un estudio de la relación de los trastornos mentales con la evolución del síndrome coronario agudo / Outcome of a study of the relationship between mental disorders and the clinical course of the acute coronary syndrome

La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha establecido que hay una reducción de años de vida útil en aquellos pacientes que tienen trastornos mentales. La concurrencia de uno de dichos trastornos con un síndrome coronario agudo empeora el pronóstico de éste. Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio de la relación de los trastornos mentales con la evolución del síndrome coronario agudo en 97 pacientes de dos hospitales, en Barquisimeto, Venezuela. Se administró individualmente, la entrevista clínica estructurada del eje 1 del manual diagnóstico y estadístico de trastornos mentales IV, de la Asociación Psiquiátrica Americana, durante la primera semana de hospitalización y seis meses más tarde. Se estudiaron las variables: Trastorno mental, edad, sexo, nuevo evento cardíaco, impresión global clínica, riesgo TIMI, y evolución cardiovascular. 28 pacientes (28,8%) tuvieron diagnóstico de trastorno mental al ingreso. Se presentó un nuevo evento coronario en 50% de los 10 pacientes en quienes persistió el trastorno mental. por el contrario, los 15 pacientes en quienes se controló el trastorno mental mostraron mejoría del síndrome coronario agudo. Hubo diferencia, con significación estadística, entre estos dos últimos grupos. (P<0,05). La tasa de trastorno mental en esta población fue mayor a la que estima la organización Mundial de la Salud para cualquier estudio transversal (10%). Hubo empeoramiento, estadísticamente significativo, en la evolución del síndrome coronario agudo cuando éste ocurrió con un trastorno mental. Tal hallazgo acentúa la necesidad de un despistaje precoz (y eventual tratamiento) de trastornos mentales en todos los pacientes que se admiten que se admiten a la unidad de cuidados coronarios.

The world health Organization has established that there is a reduction of useful years of life in those subjects who present mental disorders. Concurrence of one of such disorders with an Acute Coronary Syndrome worsens its prognosis. This article presents the results of a study of the relationship between mental disorders and the clinical course of Acute Coronary Syndrome in 97 patients of two hospitals in Barquisimeto, Venezuela. The Structured Clinical Interview for Axis 1, of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV, was conducted, individually, during the first week of hospitalization, and six months later. the following variables were studied: mental disorder, age, sex, new cardiac event, Clinical Global Impression, TIMI Risk and cardiovascular clinical course. 28 patients (28.8%) were diagnosed with a mental disorder on admission; a new coronary event ensued in 50% of the 10 patients whose mental disorder persisted. Conversely, those 15 patients whose mental disorder was controlled showed improvement of their Acute Coronary Syndrome. There was statistically significant difference between the latter two groups. (P<0,05). The rate of mental disorders in this population was higher than the Word Health Organization’s estimation for any cross-sectional study (10%). There was a statistically significant worsening of the clinical course of the Acute Coronary Syndrome when it concurred with a mental disorder. Such a finding a accentuates the need for early detection (and eventual treatment) of mental disorders in all patients who are admitted to CCUs.

Perfil lipídico e intensidade de doença aterosclerótica na síndrome coronariana aguda / Lipid profile and intensity of atherosclerosis disease in acute coronary syndrome

FUNDAMENTO: A relação entre doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e dislipidemia nas síndromes coronariana agudas tem sido pouco demonstrada por meio de estudos clínico-epidemiológicos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar associação entre perfil lipídico e intensidade de DAC em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram revisados prontuários de 107 pacientes consecutivos, admitidos no período de um ano com diagnóstico de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) sem supradesnivelamento de ST, que realizaram cineangioronariografia durante a internação. A avaliação laboratorial incluiu níveis séricos das frações lipídicas. A intensidade de DAC foi determinada pela avaliação do número, grau e escore das obstruções das artérias coronárias. Análise estatística: Teste t de Student, qui-quadrado e ANOVA com significância estatística definida por p<0,05. Realizou-se análise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Dos 107 pacientes incluídos, 94 (88 por cento) tinham DAC e, destes, 50 (53,2 por cento) eram do sexo masculino e com predominância de lesões multiarteriais. Sobre o perfil lipídico, observou-se que 64 (59,8 por cento) dos pacientes tinham CT<200 mg/dl, 33 (30,8 por cento) tinham HDL< 40mg/dl e 38 (35,5 por cento) com LDL<100 mg/dl. Na análise das cineangiocoronariografias: 94 (88 por cento) pacientes tinham DAC, 84 por cento com estenose >70 por cento. Na associação entre perfil lipídico e DAC, observou-se que a relação CT/HDL foi superior nos grupos multiarterial e biarterial quando comparados ao grupo uniarterial (4,3±2, 4,0±1,7, 2,9±1,6, respectivamente) com p ANOVA igual a 0,049. Na análise multivariada, a relação CT/HDL permaneceu um preditor significativo (p = 0,016). CONCLUSÃO: A relação CT/HDL foi marcador de gravidade de DAC em relação ao número de vasos comprometidos, demonstrando que perfil lipídico pode ser um determinante de gravidade em pacientes com SCA sem sup...

BACKGROUND: The relationship between coronary artery disease (CAD) and dyslipidemia in acute coronary syndromes has been rarely demonstrated in clinical and epidemiological studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between lipid profile and severity of CAD in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the authors reviewed medical records of 107 consecutive patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without ST-segment elevation admitted within a one-year period and who had undergone coronary angiography during hospitalization. Laboratory evaluation included serum levels of lipid fractions. Severity of CAD was determined by evaluating the number, degree, and score of coronary artery obstructions. For statistical analysis, the Student’s t test, chi-square test and ANOVA with statistical significance set at p<0.05, as well as multivariate analysis were performed. RESULTS: A total of 107 patients were included; 94(88 percent) had CAD, of which 50 (53.2 percent) were males with predominance of multivessel disease. As regards the lipid profile, 64(59.8 percent) patients were observed to have TC<200mg/dl, 33(30.8 percent) had HDL<40mg/dl, and 38(35.5 percent) had LDL<100mg/dl. The analysis of coronary angiographies showed that 94(88 percent) patients had CAD, and 84 percent had > 70 percent stenosis. In the association between lipid profile and CAD, we observed a higher TC/HDL ratio in the multivessel and two-vessel groups in comparison with the one-vessel group (4.3±2, 4.0±1.7, 2.9±1.6, respectively) with ANOVA p=0.049. In the multivariate analysis, the TC/HDL ratio remained a significant predictor (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: The TC/HDL ratio was a marker of severity of CAD in relation to the number of vessels affected, thus demonstrating that the lipid profile can be a determinant of severity in patients with ACS without ST-segment elevation.

Caracterização tecidual ultra-sônica em síndromes coronarianas agudas / Ultrasonic tissue characterization in acute coronary syndromes

FUNDAMENTO: A caracterização tecidual ultra-sônica (CTU), avaliada pelo integrated backscatter, tem o potencial de detectar precocemente alterações estruturais no tecido miocárdico. Nas síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) esta técnica tem atraído atenção pelo potencial de detectar viabilidade miocárdica. OBJETIVO: Analisar o potencial da CTU em detectar alterações precoces na sala de urgência. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 28 indivíduos, divididos em três grupos: grupo I (13; 52,2±15,5 anos) composto por pacientes encaminhados para a sala de urgência com suspeita clínica de SCA, que foi descartada na evolução; grupo II (9; 54,2±10 anos) com infarto agudo de coronária direita e grupo III (6; 62,1±9,1 anos) com infarto agudo de ramo descendente anterior da coronária esquerda. Para cada indivíduo incluído no estudo, foram avaliados quatro segmentos no eixo curto no plano dos músculos papilares (1 - anterior médio; 2 - ântero-lateral médio; 3 - inferior médio e 4 - septal médio), obtendo-se o coeficiente corrigido, a amplitude de variação do IBS, o índice de retardo da variação e o padrão da variação. RESULTADOS: As alterações decorrentes do processo isquêmico em sua fase inicial não foram detectadas pelo coeficiente corrigido ou pela alteração da amplitude de variação do IBS. Os parâmetros de sincronicidade (índice de retardo e padrão de variação), no entanto, por serem mais sensíveis, foram parcialmente capazes em regiões de infartos mais extensos. CONCLUSÃO: Maiores estudos sobre o comportamento destes índices na fase aguda das SIMI são necessários.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasonic tissue characterization (UTC), as evaluated through integrated backscatter, has the potential to detect precocious structural damage to myocardial tissue. In acute coronary syndromes (ACS) this technique is attracting attention due to its potential to evaluate myocardial viability. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of UTC in the emergency department. METHODS: We studied 28 individuals, classified in three groups: Group I (13; 52.2±15.5 years) with patients admitted with chest pain who have negative evaluation for acute coronary syndrome; Group II (9; 54.2±10.0 years) with acute myocardial infarction in right coronary artery territory; and Group III (6; 62.1±9.1 years) with acute myocardial infarction in the anterior descendent branch territory. For each individual, we analyzed four segments in the short axis view at the papillary muscle level (1 - anterior; 2 - anterior-lateral; 3 - inferior e 4 - septal), for the following parameters: corrected coefficient, amplitude, delay index and IBS pattern. RESULTS: The acute myocardial isquemic process in its initial phase was not detected by the corrected coefficient or by the IBS amplitude. The sincronicity parameters (delay index and IBS pattern), more sensible, were partially able to identify changes in more extension regions of myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION: More studies should be conducted to evaluate these parameters in the early phase of acute coronary syndromes.